WPF - 模板



模板描述了控制元件的整體外觀和視覺呈現。每個控制元件都與其關聯的預設模板,該模板賦予控制元件其外觀。在 WPF 應用程式中,當您想要自定義控制元件的視覺行為和視覺外觀時,可以輕鬆建立自己的模板。

邏輯和模板之間的連線可以透過資料繫結來實現。樣式模板之間的主要區別如下所示:

  • 樣式只能使用該控制元件的預設屬性更改控制元件的外觀。

  • 使用模板,您可以訪問比樣式中更多控制元件的部件。您還可以指定控制元件的現有行為和新行為。

最常用的模板型別有兩種:

  • 控制元件模板
  • 資料模板

控制元件模板

控制元件模板定義控制元件的視覺外觀。所有 UI 元素都具有一定的外觀和行為,例如,按鈕具有外觀和行為。單擊事件或滑鼠懸停事件是響應單擊和懸停而觸發的行為,並且按鈕還有一個預設外觀,可以透過控制元件模板更改。

示例

讓我們來看一個簡單的例子。我們將建立兩個按鈕(一個帶模板,另一個是預設按鈕)並使用一些屬性初始化它們。

<Window x:Class = "TemplateDemo.MainWindow" 
   xmlns = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" 
   xmlns:x = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" 
   Title = "MainWindow" Height = "350" Width = "604"> 
	
   <Window.Resources> 
      <ControlTemplate x:Key = "ButtonTemplate" TargetType = "Button">
		
         <Grid> 
            <Ellipse x:Name = "ButtonEllipse" Height = "100" Width = "150" > 
               <Ellipse.Fill> 
                  <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint = "0,0.2" EndPoint = "0.2,1.4"> 
                     <GradientStop Offset = "0" Color = "Red" /> 
                     <GradientStop Offset = "1" Color = "Orange" /> 
                  </LinearGradientBrush> 
               </Ellipse.Fill> 
            </Ellipse> 
				
            <ContentPresenter Content = "{TemplateBinding Content}" 
               HorizontalAlignment = "Center" VerticalAlignment = "Center" /> 
         </Grid> 
			
         <ControlTemplate.Triggers> 
			
            <Trigger Property = "IsMouseOver" Value = "True"> 
               <Setter TargetName = "ButtonEllipse" Property = "Fill" > 
                  <Setter.Value> 
                     <LinearGradientBrush StartPoint = "0,0.2" EndPoint = "0.2,1.4"> 
                        <GradientStop Offset = "0" Color = "YellowGreen" /> 
                        <GradientStop Offset = "1" Color = "Gold" /> 
                     </LinearGradientBrush> 
                  </Setter.Value> 
               </Setter> 
            </Trigger> 
				
            <Trigger Property = "IsPressed" Value = "True"> 
               <Setter Property = "RenderTransform"> 
                  <Setter.Value> 
                     <ScaleTransform ScaleX = "0.8" ScaleY = "0.8" 
                        CenterX = "0" CenterY = "0"  /> 
                  </Setter.Value> 
               </Setter> 
               <Setter Property = "RenderTransformOrigin" Value = "0.5,0.5" /> 
            </Trigger> 
				
         </ControlTemplate.Triggers> 
			
      </ControlTemplate> 
   </Window.Resources> 
	
   <StackPanel> 
      <Button Content = "Round Button!"
         Template = "{StaticResource ButtonTemplate}" 
         Width = "150" Margin = "50" /> 
      <Button Content = "Default Button!" Height = "40" 
         Width = "150" Margin = "5" />
   </StackPanel> 
	
</Window> 

編譯並執行上述程式碼後,將顯示以下 MainWindow。

Control Template

當您將滑鼠懸停在具有自定義模板的按鈕上時,它將更改其顏色,如下所示。

Mouse over with control template

資料模板

資料模板定義並指定資料集合的外觀和結構。它提供了在任何 UI 元素上格式化和定義資料呈現的靈活性。它主要用於與資料相關的項控制元件,例如 ComboBox、ListBox 等。

示例

  • 讓我們來看一個簡單的示例,以瞭解資料模板的概念。建立一個名為WPFDataTemplates的新 WPF 專案。

  • 在下面的 XAML 程式碼中,我們將建立一個作為資源的資料模板來儲存標籤和文字框。還有一個按鈕和一個列表框用於顯示資料。

<Window x:Class = "WPFDataTemplates.MainWindow" 
   xmlns = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" 
   xmlns:x = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" 
   xmlns:d = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" 
   xmlns:mc = "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" 
   xmlns:local = "clr-namespace:WPFDataTemplates" 
   xmlns:loc = "clr-namespace:WPFDataTemplates" 
   mc:Ignorable = "d" Title = "MainWindow" Height = "350" Width = "525"> 
	
   <Window.Resources> 
      <DataTemplate DataType = "{x:Type loc:Person}"> 
		
         <Grid> 
            <Grid.RowDefinitions> 
               <RowDefinition Height = "Auto" /> 
               <RowDefinition Height = "Auto" /> 
            </Grid.RowDefinitions> 
				
            <Grid.ColumnDefinitions> 
               <ColumnDefinition Width = "Auto" /> 
               <ColumnDefinition Width = "200" /> 
            </Grid.ColumnDefinitions>
				
            <Label Name = "nameLabel" Margin = "10"/> 
            <TextBox Name = "nameText" Grid.Column = "1" Margin = "10" 
               Text = "{Binding Name}"/>  
            <Label Name = "ageLabel" Margin = "10" Grid.Row = "1"/> 
            <TextBox Name = "ageText" Grid.Column = "1" Grid.Row = "1" Margin = "10" 
               Text = "{Binding Age}"/> 
         </Grid> 
			
      </DataTemplate> 
   </Window.Resources> 
	
   <Grid> 
      <Grid.RowDefinitions> 
         <RowDefinition Height = "Auto" /> 
         <RowDefinition Height = "*" /> 
      </Grid.RowDefinitions> 
		
      <ListBox ItemsSource = "{Binding}" />  
      <StackPanel Grid.Row = "1" > 
         <Button Content = "_Show..." Click = "Button_Click" Width = "80" HorizontalAlignment = "Left" Margin = "10"/> 
      </StackPanel> 
		
   </Grid> 
	
</Window> 

以下是C# 實現,其中將 Person 物件列表分配給 DataContext,Person 類的實現和按鈕單擊事件。

using System.Collections.Generic; 
using System.Windows;
  
namespace WPFDataTemplates { 

   public partial class MainWindow : Window { 
	
      Person src = new Person { Name = "Ali", Age = 27 }; 
      List<Person> people = new List<Person>(); 
		
      public MainWindow() { 
         InitializeComponent(); 
         people.Add(src); 
         people.Add(new Person { Name = "Mike", Age = 62 }); 
         people.Add(new Person { Name = "Brian", Age = 12 });  
         this.DataContext = people; 
      } 
		
      private void Button_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { 
         string message = src.Name + " is " + src.Age; 
         MessageBox.Show(message); 
      } 
   } 
	
   public class Person { 
      private string nameValue; 
		
      public string Name { 
         get { return nameValue; } 
         set { nameValue = value; } 
      }  
		
      private double ageValue; 
		
      public double Age { 
         get { return ageValue; } 
         set { 
            if (value != ageValue) { 
            ageValue = value; 
            } 
         } 
      } 
   } 
	
}

編譯並執行上述程式碼後,將生成以下視窗。它包含一個列表,在列表框內,每個列表框項都包含 Person 類物件資料,這些資料顯示在標籤和文字框上。

Data Template
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