MySQL - 序列



序列是一系列整數,從 1 開始,每次後續值遞增 1。這些序列通常用於資料庫,因為許多應用程式要求表中的每一行都有一個唯一的識別符號,而序列提供了一種生成此類值的方法。

MySQL 中的序列

MySQL 沒有內建的序列功能,但提供了 AUTO_INCREMENT 列的形式的替代方案,它具有類似的功能。

在 MySQL 中,AUTO_INCREMENT 屬性用於為列自動生成唯一的整數值(序列)。預設情況下,此序列從初始值 1 開始,併為新增的每一行遞增 1。

語法

以下是 MySQL 中 AUTO_INCREMENT 屬性的語法:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
   column1 datatype AUTO_INCREMENT,
   column2 datatype,
   column3 datatype,
   ...
   columnN datatype
);

示例

在以下示例中,我們正在建立一個名為“CUSTOMERS”的表,此外,還為表的“ID”列定義了 AUTO_INCREMENT 屬性:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS (
   ID INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
   NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
   AGE INT NOT NULL,
   ADDRESS CHAR (25),
   SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
   PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

現在,讓我們將一些記錄插入到上面建立的表中:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES 
(NULL, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00),
(NULL, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00),
(NULL, 'Kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00),
(NULL, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00),
(NULL, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00),
(NULL, 'Komal', 22, 'Hyderabad', 4500.00),
(NULL, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000.00);

輸出

我們可以在下面顯示的表中看到“ID”列中的值會自動遞增:

ID 姓名 年齡 地址 薪資
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.00
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00
6 Komal 22 Hyderabad 4500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

檢索 AUTO_INCREMENT 值

要在 MySQL 中獲取 AUTO_INCREMENT 值,可以使用LAST_INSERT_ID() SQL 函式。此函式可用於任何可以發出 SQL 語句的客戶端。或者,在 PERL 和 PHP 指令碼中,可以使用特定函式來檢索最後一條記錄的自增值。

PERL 示例

您可以使用mysql_insertid 屬性訪問由查詢生成的 AUTO_INCREMENT 值。此屬性可以透過資料庫控制代碼或語句控制代碼訪問,具體取決於您執行查詢的方式。

以下示例透過資料庫控制代碼引用它:

$dbh->do ("INSERT INTO insect (name,date,origin)
VALUES('moth','2001-09-14','windowsill')");
my $seq = $dbh->{mysql_insertid};

PHP 示例

執行生成 AUTO_INCREMENT 值的查詢後,可以使用mysql_insert_id( )命令檢索該值:

mysql_query ("INSERT INTO insect (name,date,origin)
VALUES('moth','2001-09-14','windowsill')", $conn_id);
$seq = mysql_insert_id ($conn_id);

重新編號現有序列

在某些情況下,您可能需要重新對錶中的記錄進行排序,尤其是在您刪除了許多記錄的情況下。如果您的表透過連線與其他表相關聯,則在重新排序時要小心。

如果您確定必須重新排序 AUTO_INCREMENT 列,則執行此操作的方法是從表中刪除 AUTO_INCREMENT 列,然後再次新增它。

示例

以下示例顯示瞭如何使用此技術重新編號表中的id 值

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS DROP id;
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS
ADD id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT FIRST,
ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

輸出

以下是獲得的輸出:

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

從特定值開始序列

預設情況下,MySQL 從 1 開始序列,但您可以在建立表時指定不同的初始值。

示例

以下示例演示瞭如何在建立表期間從 100 開始序列:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS (
   ID INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
   PRIMARY KEY (ID),
   NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   AGE INT NOT NULL,
   ADDRESS CHAR (25),
   SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2)
)AUTO_INCREMENT = 100;

輸出

以上程式碼的輸出如下所示:

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

或者,您可以先建立表,然後使用ALTER TABLE命令設定初始序列值,如下所示:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS AUTO_INCREMENT = 100;

使用客戶端程式的序列

我們也可以使用客戶端程式建立序列。

語法

要透過 PHP 程式在表的列上建立序列,我們需要在使用mysqli函式query()建立表時為特定列指定 auto_increment,如下所示:

$sql = "CREATE TABLE insect (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,PRIMARY KEY (id),name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,date DATE NOT NULL,origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL)";
$mysqli->query($sql);

要透過 JavaScript 程式在表的列上建立序列,我們需要在使用mysql2庫的query()函式建立表時為特定列指定 auto_increment,如下所示:

sql = "CREATE TABLE insect (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,PRIMARY KEY (id),name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,date DATE NOT NULL,origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL)";
con.query(sql);

要透過 Java 程式在表的列上建立序列,我們需要在使用JDBC函式execute()建立表時為特定列指定 auto_increment,如下所示:

String sql = "CREATE TABLE insect (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,PRIMARY KEY (id),name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,date DATE NOT NULL,origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL)";
statement.execute(sql);

要透過 Python 程式在表的列上建立序列,我們需要在使用MySQL Connector/Pythonexecute()函式建立表時為特定列指定 auto_increment,如下所示:

create_table_query = "CREATE TABLE insect (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (id), name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, date DATE NOT NULL, origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL)"
cursorObj.execute(create_table_query)

示例

以下是程式:

$dbhost = 'localhost';
$dbuser = 'root';
$dbpass = 'password';
$db = 'TUTORIALS';
$mysqli = new mysqli($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass, $db);
if ($mysqli->connect_errno) {
    printf("Connect failed: %s
", $mysqli->connect_error); exit(); } //printf('Connected successfully.
'); //create table with autoincrement sequene $sql = "CREATE TABLE insect (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,PRIMARY KEY (id),name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,date DATE NOT NULL,origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL)"; if($mysqli->query($sql)){ printf("Table created successfully....!\n"); } //let's insert some record $sql = "INSERT INTO insect (id,name,date,origin) VALUES(NULL,'housefly','2001-09-10','kitchen')"; if($mysqli->query($sql)){ printf("First record inserted successfully...!\n"); } $sql = "INSERT INTO insect (id,name,date,origin) VALUES(NULL,'millipede','2001-09-10','driveway')"; if($mysqli->query($sql)){ printf("Second record inserted successfully...!\n"); } $sql = "INSERT INTO insect (id,name,date,origin) VALUES(NULL,'grasshopper','2001-09-10','front yard')"; if($mysqli->query($sql)){ printf("Third record inserted successfully...!\n"); } printf("Table records: \n"); $sql = "SELECT * FROM insect"; if($result = $mysqli->query($sql)){ printf("Table record: \n"); while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result)){ printf("Id: %d, Name: %s, Date: %s, Origin %s", $row['id'], $row['name'], $row['date'], $row['origin']); printf("\n"); } } if($mysqli->error){ printf("Error message: ", $mysqli->error); } $mysqli->close();

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

Table created successfully....!
First record inserted successfully...!
Second record inserted successfully...!
Third record inserted successfully...!
Table records:
Table record:
Id: 1, Name: housefly, Date: 2001-09-10, Origin kitchen
Id: 2, Name: millipede, Date: 2001-09-10, Origin driveway
Id: 3, Name: grasshopper, Date: 2001-09-10, Origin front yard   
var mysql = require('mysql2');
var con = mysql.createConnection({
host:"localhost",
user:"root",
password:"password"
});

 //Connecting to MySQL
 con.connect(function(err) {
 if (err) throw err;
//   console.log("Connected successfully...!");
//   console.log("--------------------------");
 sql = "USE TUTORIALS";
 con.query(sql);
 //create table
 sql = "CREATE TABLE insect (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,PRIMARY KEY (id),name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,date DATE NOT NULL,origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL)";
 con.query(sql, function(err, result){
    if (err) throw err;
    console.log("Table created successfully....!");
    });
//now let's insert some record
sql = "INSERT INTO insect (id,name,date,origin) VALUES(NULL,'housefly','2001-09-10','kitchen')";
con.query(sql, function(err, result){
    if (err) throw err;
    console.log("First record inserted successfully...!");
    });
sql = "INSERT INTO insect (id,name,date,origin) VALUES(NULL,'millipede','2001-09-10','driveway')";
con.query(sql, function(err, result){
    if (err) throw err;
    console.log("Second record inserted successfully...!");
    });
sql = "INSERT INTO insect (id,name,date,origin) VALUES(NULL,'grasshopper','2001-09-10','front yard')";
    con.query(sql, function(err, result){
    if (err) throw err;
    console.log("Third record inserted successfully...!");
    });
sql = "SELECT * FROM INSECT";
con.query(sql, function(err, result){
console.log("Table records(with ID auto_increment sequence).");
    if (err) throw err;
    console.log(result);
    });
});   

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

Table created successfully....!
First record inserted successfully...!
Second record inserted successfully...!
Third record inserted successfully...!
Table records(with ID auto_increment sequence).
[
  {
    id: 1,
    name: 'housefly',
    date: 2001-09-09T18:30:00.000Z,
    origin: 'kitchen'
  },
  {
    id: 2,
    name: 'millipede',
    date: 2001-09-09T18:30:00.000Z,
    origin: 'driveway'
  },
  {
    id: 3,
    name: 'grasshopper',
    date: 2001-09-09T18:30:00.000Z,
    origin: 'front yard'
  }
]
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class Sequence {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      String url = "jdbc:mysql://:3306/TUTORIALS";
      String user = "root";
      String password = "password";
      ResultSet rs;
      try {
         Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
            Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
            Statement st = con.createStatement();
            //System.out.println("Database connected successfully...!");
            //create table
            String sql = "CREATE TABLE insect (id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,PRIMARY KEY (id),name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,date DATE NOT NULL,origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL)";
            st.execute(sql);
            System.out.println("Table 'insect' created successfully...!");
            //lets insert some records into the table
            String sql1 = "INSERT INTO insect (id,name,date,origin) VALUES(NULL,'housefly','2001-09-10','kitchen'), (NULL,'millipede','2001-09-10','driveway'), (NULL,'grasshopper','2001-09-10','front yard')";
            st.execute(sql1);
            System.out.println("Records inserted successfully...!");
            //lets print table records
            String sql2 = "SELECT * FROM INSECT";
            rs = st.executeQuery(sql2);
            System.out.println("Table records: ");
            while(rs.next()) {
               String id = rs.getString("id");
               String name = rs.getString("name");
               String date = rs.getString("date");
               String origin = rs.getString("origin");
               System.out.println("Id: " + id + ", Name: " + name + ", Date: " + date + ", Origin: " + origin);
            }
      }catch(Exception e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }
}   

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

Table 'insect' created successfully...!
Records inserted successfully...!
Table records: 
Id: 1, Name: housefly, Date: 2001-09-10, Origin: kitchen
Id: 2, Name: millipede, Date: 2001-09-10, Origin: driveway
Id: 3, Name: grasshopper, Date: 2001-09-10, Origin: front yard
import mysql.connector
# Connecting to MySQL
con = mysql.connector.connect(
    host="localhost",
    user="root",
    password="password",
    database="tut"
)
# Creating a cursor object
cursorObj = con.cursor()
# Creating the table
create_table_query = """
CREATE TABLE insect (
id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
date DATE NOT NULL,
origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL
)
"""
cursorObj.execute(create_table_query)
print("Table 'insect' is created successfully!")
# Inserting records
sql = "INSERT INTO insect (name, date, origin) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)"
values = [
    ('housefly', '2001-09-10', 'kitchen'),
    ('millipede', '2001-09-10', 'driveway'),
    ('grasshopper', '2001-09-10', 'front yard')
]
cursorObj.executemany(sql, values)
print("Data inserted into the 'insect' table.")
con.commit()
# Retrieving records
cursorObj.execute("SELECT * FROM insect")
records = cursorObj.fetchall()
# Printing the records
print("Table records(with ID auto_increment sequence).")
for record in records:
    print(record)
# Closing the connection
cursorObj.close()
con.close() 

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

Table 'insect' is created successfully!
Data inserted into the 'insect' table.
Table records(with ID auto_increment sequence).
(1, 'housefly', datetime.date(2001, 9, 10), 'kitchen')
(2, 'millipede', datetime.date(2001, 9, 10), 'driveway')
(3, 'grasshopper', datetime.date(2001, 9, 10), 'front yard')
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