MySQL - EXISTS 運算子



MySQL EXISTS 運算子

MySQL 中的 EXISTS 運算子檢查表中是否存在記錄。它用於 SELECT 語句的 WHERE 子句中,以驗證子查詢是否返回任何行。如果子查詢返回至少一條記錄,則返回 TRUE,否則返回 FALSE。

我們還可以將該運算子與 SQL 語句(例如 **SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE 和 DELETE**)一起使用,以驗證子查詢中記錄的存在。

語法

以下是 MySQL 中 EXISTS 運算子的語法:

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE EXISTS (subquery);

示例

在執行 EXISTS 運算子之前,讓我們首先建立兩個名為 **CUSTOMERS** 和 **CARS** 的不同表。這裡,我們正在建立 CUSTOMERS 表:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS (
   ID INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
   NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   AGE INT NOT NULL,
   ADDRESS CHAR (25),
   SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
   PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

以下查詢使用 INSERT INTO 語句向上面建立的表中新增 7 條記錄:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) VALUES 
(1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00 ),
(2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00 ),
(3, 'Kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00 ),
(4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00 ),
(5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00 ),
(6, 'Komal', 22, 'Hyderabad', 4500.00 ),
(7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000.00 );

執行以下查詢以獲取 CUSTOMERS 表中存在的所有記錄:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;

以下是 CUSTOMERS 表:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.00
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00
6 Komal 22 Hyderabad 4500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

讓我們建立另一個名為 **CARS** 的表,其中包含客戶 ID、汽車名稱和價格等詳細資訊:

CREATE TABLE CARS (
   ID INT NOT NULL,
   NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   PRICE INT NOT NULL,
   PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

以下查詢將 3 條記錄插入到上面建立的表中:

INSERT INTO CARS (ID, NAME, PRICE) VALUES
(2, 'Maruti Swift', 450000),
(4, 'VOLVO', 2250000),
(7, 'Toyota', 2400000);

執行以下查詢以獲取 CARS 表中存在的所有記錄:

SELECT * FROM CARS;

以下是 CARS 表:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 價格 (PRICE)
2 Maruti Swift 450000
4 VOLVO 2250000
7 Toyota 2400000

EXISTS 運算子與 SELECT 語句

MySQL 中的 **SELECT** 語句用於從一個或多個表中檢索資料。EXISTS 運算子可以與 SELECT 語句一起使用,以檢查是否存在與特定條件匹配的行。

示例

現在,讓我們獲取汽車價格大於 2,000,000 的客戶列表:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS 
WHERE EXISTS 
(SELECT PRICE FROM CARS 
WHERE CARS.ID = CUSTOMERS.ID 
AND PRICE > 2000000);

輸出

執行給定查詢後,將顯示如下輸出:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

EXISTS 運算子與 UPDATE 語句

MySQL EXISTS 運算子可以與 UPDATE 語句一起使用,以根據另一個表中匹配行的存在來更新表中的行。

示例

在此查詢中,我們使用 EXISTS 運算子將名稱“Kushal”更新為所有其 ID 等於 CARS 表 ID 的客戶:

UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET NAME = 'Kushal'
WHERE EXISTS 
(SELECT NAME FROM CARS 
WHERE CUSTOMERS.ID = CARS.ID);

輸出

我們可以看到,已修改了 3 行:

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 3  Changed: 3  Warnings: 0

驗證

要驗證更改是否已反映在 CUSTOMERS 表中,請執行以下查詢:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;

CUSTOMERS 表顯示如下:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.00
2 Kushal 25 Delhi 1500.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00
4 Kushal 25 Mumbai 6500.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00
6 Komal 22 Hyderabad 4500.00
7 Kushal 24 Indore 10000.00

EXISTS 運算子與 DELETE 語句

MySQL EXISTS 運算子與 DELETE 語句一起使用,以根據子查詢返回的行是否存在來刪除表中的行。

示例

在這裡,我們正在刪除 CUSTOMERS 表中所有其 ID 等於 CARS 表中價格等於 2,250,000 的 ID 的記錄:

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE EXISTS 
(SELECT * FROM CARS 
WHERE CARS.ID = CUSTOMERS.ID 
AND CARS.PRICE = 2250000);

輸出

我們可以看到,已刪除 1 行:

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

驗證

我們可以使用以下查詢驗證更改是否已反映在 CUSTOMERS 表中:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;

輸出

以上查詢的輸出如下所示:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.00
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00
6 Komal 22 Hyderabad 4500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

NOT 運算子與 EXISTS 運算子

如果我們在 MySQL 中將 NOT 與 EXISTS 運算子一起使用,它將選擇一個表中不存在於另一個表中的記錄。

語法

以下是 MySQL 中 NOT EXISTS 運算子的語法:

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT EXISTS (subquery);

示例

在以下查詢中,我們正在獲取尚未購買任何汽車的客戶的姓名:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE NOT EXISTS 
(SELECT * FROM CARS 
WHERE CUSTOMERS.ID = CARS.ID);

輸出

以上查詢的輸出如下所示:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00
6 Komal 22 Hyderabad 4500.00

使用客戶端程式的 EXISTS 運算子

除了使用 MySQL 查詢驗證特定記錄是否存在於 MySQL 表中之外,還可以使用客戶端程式執行 EXISTS 操作。

語法

以下是該操作在各種程式語言中的語法:

要透過 PHP 程式驗證特定記錄是否存在於 MySQL 表中,我們需要使用 **mysqli** 函式 **query()** 執行帶有 EXISTS 運算子的 SELECT 語句,如下所示:

$sql = "SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name 
WHERE EXISTS (subquery)";
$mysqli->query($sql);

要透過 Node.js 程式驗證特定記錄是否存在於 MySQL 表中,我們需要使用 **mysql2** 庫的 **query()** 函式執行帶有 EXISTS 運算子的 SELECT 語句,如下所示:

sql= "SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name 
WHERE EXISTS (subquery)";
con.query(sql);

要透過 Java 程式驗證特定記錄是否存在於 MySQL 表中,我們需要使用 **JDBC** 函式 **executeUpdate()** 執行帶有 EXISTS 運算子的 SELECT 語句,如下所示:

String sql = "SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name 
WHERE EXISTS (subquery)";
statement.executeQuery(sql);

要透過 Python 程式驗證特定記錄是否存在於 MySQL 表中,我們需要使用 MySQL **Connector/Python** 的 **execute()** 函式執行帶有 EXISTS 運算子的 SELECT 語句,如下所示:

exists_query = "SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name 
WHERE EXISTS (subquery)"
cursorObj.execute(exists_query);

示例

以下是程式示例:

$dbhost = 'localhost';
$dbuser = 'root';
$dbpass = 'password';
$dbname = 'TUTORIALS';
$mysqli = new mysqli($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass, $dbname);
if($mysqli->connect_errno ) {
   printf("Connect failed: %s
", $mysqli->connect_error); exit(); } //printf('Connected successfully.
'); $sql = "SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE EXISTS (SELECT PRICE FROM CARS WHERE CARS.ID = CUSTOMERS.ID AND PRICE > 2000000);"; $result = $mysqli->query($sql); if ($result->num_rows > 0) { printf("Table records: \n"); while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) { printf("Id %d, Name: %s, Age: %d, Address %s, Salary %f", $row["ID"], $row["NAME"], $row["AGE"], $row["ADDRESS"], $row["SALARY"]); printf("\n"); } } else { printf('No record found.
'); } mysqli_free_result($result); $mysqli->close();

輸出

獲得的輸出如下:

Table records:
Id 4, Name: Chaital, Age: 25, Address Mumbai, Salary 1200.000000
Id 7, Name: Muffy, Age: 24, Address Delhi, Salary 10000.000000   
var mysql = require('mysql2');
var con = mysql.createConnection({
    host: "localhost",
    user: "root",
    password: "Nr5a0204@123"
});

  //Connecting to MySQL
  con.connect(function (err) {
  if (err) throw err;
  console.log("Connected!");
  console.log("--------------------------");

  //Creating a Database
  sql = "create database TUTORIALS"
  con.query(sql);

  //Select database
  sql = "USE TUTORIALS"
  con.query(sql);

  //Creating CUSTOMERS table
  sql = "CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS (ID INT NOT NULL, NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, AGE INT NOT NULL, ADDRESS CHAR(25), SALARY DECIMAL(18, 2), PRIMARY KEY(ID));"
  con.query(sql);

  //Inserting Records
  sql = "INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS(ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY) VALUES(1,'Ramesh', 32, 'Hyderabad',4000.00),(2,'Khilan', 25, 'Kerala', 8000.00),(3,'kaushik', 23, 'Hyderabad', 11000.00),(4,'Chaital', 25, 'Mumbai', 1200.00),(5,'Hardik', 27, 'Vishakapatnam', 10000.00),(6, 'Komal',29, 'Vishakapatnam', 7000.00),(7, 'Muffy',24, 'Delhi', 10000.00);"
  con.query(sql);

  //Creating CARS table
  sql = "CREATE TABLE CARS(ID INT NOT NULL,NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,PRICE INT NOT NULL,PRIMARY KEY (ID));"
  con.query(sql);
  
  //Inserting Records
  sql = "INSERT INTO CARS VALUES(2, 'Maruti Swift', 450000),(4, 'VOLVO', 2250000),(7, 'Toyota', 2400000);"
  con.query(sql);

  //Using EXISTS Operator
  sql = "SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE EXISTS (SELECT PRICE FROM CARS WHERE CARS.ID = CUSTOMERS.ID AND PRICE > 2000000);"
  con.query(sql, function(err, result){
    if (err) throw err
    console.log(result)
  });
});    

輸出

生成的輸出如下:

Connected!
--------------------------
[
  {
    ID: 4,
    NAME: 'Chaital',
    AGE: 25,
    ADDRESS: 'Mumbai',
    SALARY: '1200.00'
  },
  {
    ID: 7,
    NAME: 'Muffy',
    AGE: 24,
    ADDRESS: 'Delhi',
    SALARY: '10000.00'
  }
]          
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class ExistsOperator {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String url = "jdbc:mysql://:3306/TUTORIALS";
    String user = "root";
    String password = "password";
    ResultSet rs;
    try {
      Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
            Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
            Statement st = con.createStatement();
            //System.out.println("Database connected successfully...!");
            String sql = "SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE EXISTS (SELECT PRICE FROM CARS WHERE CARS.ID = CUSTOMERS.ID AND PRICE > 2000000)";
            rs = st.executeQuery(sql);
            System.out.println("Table records: ");
            while(rs.next()) {
              String id = rs.getString("Id");
              String name = rs.getString("Name");
              String age = rs.getString("Age");
              String address = rs.getString("Address");
              String salary = rs.getString("Salary");
              System.out.println("Id: " + id + ", Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age + ", Addresss: " + address + ", Salary: " + salary);
            }
    }catch(Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }
}                                   

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

Table records: 
Id: 4, Name: Chaitali, Age: 30, Addresss: Mumbai, Salary: 6500.00
Id: 7, Name: Muffy, Age: 24, Addresss: Indore, Salary: 10000.00             
import mysql.connector
#establishing the connection
connection = mysql.connector.connect(
    host='localhost',
    user='root',
    password='password',
    database='tut'
)
cursorObj = connection.cursor()
exists_query = f"""
SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE EXISTS (SELECT PRICE FROM CARS WHERE 
CARS.ID = CUSTOMERS.ID AND PRICE > 2000000); """
cursorObj.execute(exists_query)
# Fetching all the rows that meet the criteria
filtered_rows = cursorObj.fetchall()
for row in filtered_rows:
    print(row)
cursorObj.close()
connection.close()                                

輸出

以下是上述程式碼的輸出:

(4, 'Chaital', 25, 'Mumbai', Decimal('1200.00'))
(7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Delhi', Decimal('10000.00'))   
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