MySQL - 自連線



MySQL 自連線

MySQL 自連線用於將一個表連線到自身,就好像該表是兩個表一樣。為此,至少需要在 MySQL 語句中臨時重新命名一個表。

自連線是一種內部連線,當需要比較同一表中的兩列時執行;可能是為了建立它們之間的關係。換句話說,當表中同時包含外部索引鍵主鍵時,表就會與自身連線。

但是,與其他連線的查詢不同,我們使用 WHERE 子句來指定表與自身組合的條件;而不是 ON 子句。

語法

以下是 MySQL 中自連線的基本語法:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1 a, table1 b
WHERE a.common_field = b.common_field;

這裡,WHERE 子句可以是根據您的需求給出的任何表示式。

示例

自連線只需要一個表連線自身;因此,讓我們建立一個 CUSTOMERS 表,其中包含客戶詳細資訊,例如他們的姓名、年齡、地址以及他們賺取的薪水。

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS (
   ID INT NOT NULL,
   NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
   AGE INT NOT NULL,
   ADDRESS CHAR (25),
   SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),       
   PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

現在使用 INSERT 語句將值插入此表,如下所示:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES
(1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00 ),
(2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00 ),
(3, 'Kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00 ),
(4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00 ),
(5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00 ),
(6, 'Komal', 22, 'Hyderabad', 4500.00 ),
(7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000.00 );

該表將建立如下:

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.00
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00
6 Komal 22 Hyderabad 4500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

現在,讓我們使用以下自連線查詢連線此表。我們的目標是根據客戶的收入在所述客戶之間建立關係。我們藉助 WHERE 子句來實現這一點。

SELECT a.ID, b.NAME as EARNS_HIGHER, a.NAME as EARNS_LESS, 
a.SALARY as LOWER_SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS a, CUSTOMERS b
WHERE a.SALARY < b.SALARY;

輸出

顯示的結果表將列出所有收入低於其他客戶的客戶:

ID EARNS_HIGHER EARNS_LESS LOWER_SALARY
2 Ramesh Khilan 1500.00
2 Kaushik Khilan 1500.00
6 Chaitali Komal 4500.00
3 Chaitali Kaushik 2000.00
2 Chaitali Khilan 1500.00
1 Chaitali Ramesh 2000.00
6 Hardik Komal 4500.00
4 Hardik Chaitali 6500.00
3 Hardik Kaushik 2000.00
2 Hardik Khilan 1500.00
1 Hardik Ramesh 2000.00
3 Komal Kaushik 2000.00
2 Komal Khilan 1500.00
1 Komal Ramesh 2000.00
6 Muffy Komal 4500.00
5 Muffy Hardik 8500.00
4 Muffy Chaitali 6500.00
3 Muffy Kaushik 2000.00
2 Muffy Khilan 1500.00
1 Muffy Ramesh 2000.00

帶有 ORDER BY 子句的自連線

此外,在使用自連線將表與自身連線後,組合表中的記錄也可以使用 ORDER BY 子句按升序排序。以下是它的語法:

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1 a, table1 b
WHERE a.common_field = b.common_field
ORDER BY column_name;

示例

在此示例中,執行以下查詢將使用自連線在 WHERE 子句上將 CUSTOMERS 表與自身連線。然後,使用 ORDER BY 子句相對於指定的列按升序排列記錄。在這裡,我們根據 salary 列排列記錄

SELECT  a.ID, b.NAME as EARNS_HIGHER, a.NAME as EARNS_LESS, 
a.SALARY as LOWER_SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS a, CUSTOMERS b
WHERE a.SALARY < b.SALARY ORDER BY a.SALARY;

輸出

結果表顯示如下:

ID EARNS_HIGHER EARNS_LESS LOWER_SALARY
2 Ramesh Khilan 1500.00
2 Kaushik Khilan 1500.00
2 Chaitali Khilan 1500.00
2 Hardik Khilan 1500.00
2 Komal Khilan 1500.00
2 Muffy Khilan 1500.00
3 Chaitali Kaushik 2000.00
1 Chaitali Ramesh 2000.00
3 Hardik Kaushik 2000.00
1 Hardik Ramesh 2000.00
3 Komal Kaushik 2000.00
1 Komal Ramesh 2000.00
3 Muffy Kaushik 2000.00
1 Muffy Ramesh 2000.00
6 Chaitali Komal 4500.00
6 Hardik Komal 4500.00
6 Muffy Komal 4500.00
4 Hardik Chaitali 6500.00
4 Muffy Chaitali 6500.00
5 MuffyHardik 8500.00

使用客戶端程式的自連線

我們還可以使用客戶端程式對一個或多個表執行自連線操作。

語法

要透過 PHP 程式執行自連線,我們需要使用mysqli函式query()執行 SQL 查詢,如下所示:

$sql = 'SELECT a.tutorial_id, a.tutorial_title, a.tutorial_author, b.tutorial_count FROM tutorials_tbl a, tcount_tbl b 
WHERE a.tutorial_author = b.tutorial_author';
$mysqli->query($sql);

要透過 JavaScript 程式執行自連線,我們需要使用mysql2庫的query()函式執行 SQL 查詢,如下所示:

sql = "SELECT a.tutorial_id, a.tutorial_title, a.tutorial_author, b.tutorial_count FROM tutorials_tbl a, tcount_tbl b 
WHERE a.tutorial_author = b.tutorial_author";
con.query(sql);  

要透過 Java 程式執行自連線,我們需要使用JDBC函式executeQuery()執行 SQL 查詢,如下所示:

String sql = "SELECT a.tutorial_id, a.tutorial_title, a.tutorial_author, b.tutorial_count FROM tutorials_tbl a, tcount_tbl b 
WHERE a.tutorial_author = b.tutorial_author";
statement.executeQuery(sql);

要透過 python 程式執行自連線,我們需要使用MySQL Connector/Pythonexecute()函式執行 SQL 查詢,如下所示:

self_join_query = "SELECT a.ID, b.NAME as EARNS_HIGHER, a.NAME as EARNS_LESS, a.SALARY as LOWER_SALARY
FROM CUSTOMERS a, CUSTOMERS b WHERE a.SALARY < b.SALARY"
cursorObj.execute(self_join_query)

示例

以下是程式:

$dbhost = 'localhost';
$dbuser = 'root';
$dbpass = 'password';
$dbname = 'TUTORIALS';
$mysqli = new mysqli($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass, $dbname);
if ($mysqli->connect_errno) {
    printf("Connect failed: %s
", $mysqli->connect_error); exit(); } // printf('Connected successfully.
'); $sql = 'SELECT a.tutorial_id, a.tutorial_title, a.tutorial_author, b.tutorial_count FROM tutorials_tbl a, tcount_tbl b WHERE a.tutorial_author = b.tutorial_author'; $result = $mysqli->query($sql); if ($result->num_rows > 0) { echo " following is the details after executing SELF join! \n"; while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) { printf("Id: %s, Title: %s, Author: %s, Count: %d", $row["tutorial_id"], $row["tutorial_title"], $row["tutorial_author"], $row["tutorial_count"]); printf("\n"); } } else { printf('No record found.
'); } mysqli_free_result($result); $mysqli->close();

輸出

獲得的輸出如下:

following is the details after executing SELF join!
Id: 3, Title: JAVA Tutorial, Author: Sanjay, Count: 1   
var mysql = require("mysql2");
var con = mysql.createConnection({
  host: "localhost",
  user: "root",
  password: "password",
}); //Connecting to MySQL

con.connect(function (err) {
  if (err) throw err;
  //   console.log("Connected successfully...!");
  //   console.log("--------------------------");
  sql = "USE TUTORIALS";
  con.query(sql);

  //Self Join
  sql = "SELECT a.tutorial_id, a.tutorial_title, a.tutorial_author, b.tutorial_count FROM tutorials_tbl a, tcount_tbl b 
  WHERE a.tutorial_author = b.tutorial_author";
  con.query(sql, function (err, result) {
    if (err) throw err;
    console.log(result);
  });
});      

輸出

產生的輸出如下所示:

[
  {
    tutorial_id: 1,
    tutorial_title: 'Learn PHP',
    tutorial_author: 'John Poul',
    tutorial_count: 2
  }
]
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class SelfJoin {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      String url = "jdbc:mysql://:3306/TUTORIALS";
      String username = "root";
      String password = "password";
      try {
         Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
         Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
         Statement statement = connection.createStatement();
         System.out.println("Connected successfully...!");

         //MySQL Self JOIN...!;
         String sql = "SELECT a.tutorial_id, a.tutorial_title, a.tutorial_author, b.tutorial_count FROM tutorials_tbl a, tcount_tbl b 
         WHERE a.tutorial_author = b.tutorial_author";
         ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(sql);
         System.out.println("Table records after Self Join...!");
         while (resultSet.next()){
            System.out.println(resultSet.getString(1)+ " "+ resultSet.getString(2)+" "+resultSet.getString(3));
         }
         connection.close();
      } catch (Exception e) {
         System.out.println(e);
      }
   }
} 

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

Connected successfully...!
Table records after Self Join...!
1 Learn PHP John Paul
3 JAVA Tutorial Sanjay
import mysql.connector
#establishing the connection
connection = mysql.connector.connect(
    host='localhost',
    user='root',
    password='password',
    database='tut'
)
cursorObj = connection.cursor()
self_join_query = f"""SELECT a.ID, b.NAME as EARNS_HIGHER, a.NAME as EARNS_LESS, a.SALARY as LOWER_SALARY
FROM CUSTOMERS a, CUSTOMERS b WHERE a.SALARY < b.SALARY"""
cursorObj.execute(self_join_query)
# Fetching all the rows that meet the criteria
filtered_rows = cursorObj.fetchall()
for row in filtered_rows:
    print(row)
cursorObj.close()
connection.close()  

輸出

以下是上述程式碼的輸出:

(4, 'Ramesh', 'Chaital', Decimal('1200.00'))
(6, 'Khilan', 'Komal', Decimal('7000.00'))
(4, 'Khilan', 'Chaital', Decimal('1200.00'))
(1, 'Khilan', 'Ramesh', Decimal('4000.00'))
(7, 'kaushik', 'Muffy', Decimal('10000.00'))
(6, 'kaushik', 'Komal', Decimal('7000.00'))
(5, 'kaushik', 'Hardik', Decimal('10000.00'))
(4, 'kaushik', 'Chaital', Decimal('1200.00'))
(2, 'kaushik', 'Khilan', Decimal('8000.00'))
(1, 'kaushik', 'Ramesh', Decimal('4000.00'))
(6, 'Hardik', 'Komal', Decimal('7000.00'))
(4, 'Hardik', 'Chaital', Decimal('1200.00'))
(2, 'Hardik', 'Khilan', Decimal('8000.00'))
(1, 'Hardik', 'Ramesh', Decimal('4000.00'))
(4, 'Komal', 'Chaital', Decimal('1200.00'))
(1, 'Komal', 'Ramesh', Decimal('4000.00'))
(6, 'Muffy', 'Komal', Decimal('7000.00'))
(4, 'Muffy', 'Chaital', Decimal('1200.00'))
(2, 'Muffy', 'Khilan', Decimal('8000.00'))
(1, 'Muffy', 'Ramesh', Decimal('4000.00'))
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