MySQL - 子查詢



MySQL 子查詢,也稱為內部查詢或巢狀查詢,是另一個查詢中的查詢。它允許您根據另一個查詢的結果從一個或多個表中檢索資料。子查詢可以用於 SQL 語句的各個部分,包括 SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE 和 DELETE。

使用 SELECT 語句的子查詢

SELECT 語句中的子查詢用於根據從子查詢檢索的值過濾主查詢的結果。

語法

以下是 SELECT 語句中子查詢的基本語法:

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table1
WHERE columnN operator 
(SELECT column_name FROM table2 WHERE condition);

示例

首先,讓我們使用以下查詢建立一個名為 CUSTOMERS 的表:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
   ID INT NOT NULL,
   NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   AGE INT NOT NULL,
   ADDRESS CHAR(25) NOT NULL,
   SALARY DECIMAL(18, 2),
   PRIMARY KEY(ID)
);

現在,讓我們使用以下所示的 INSERT 語句將值插入到上面建立的表中:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS VALUES 
(1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00 ),
(2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00 ),
(3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00 ),
(4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00 ),
(5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00 ),
(6, 'Komal', 22, 'Hyderabad', 4500.00 ),
(7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000.00 );

顯示的 CUSTOMERS 表如下所示:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.00
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00
6 Komal 22 Hyderabad 4500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

以下查詢從 CUSTOMERS 表中檢索所有客戶的薪水,其 ID 與同一表中的 ID 匹配:

SELECT SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID IN
(SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS);

輸出

上述查詢的輸出如下所示:

薪水 (SALARY)
2000.00
1500.00
2000.00
6500.00
8500.00
4500.00
10000.00

使用 INSERT 語句的子查詢

我們還可以將子查詢與 MySQL 中的 INSERT 語句一起使用。INSERT 語句將使用子查詢返回的資料插入另一個表。

語法

以下是 INSERT 語句中子查詢的基本語法:

INSERT INTO target_table (column1, column2, ...)
SELECT source_column1, source_column2, ...
FROM source_table
WHERE condition;

示例

在執行帶有 INSERT 語句的子查詢之前,讓我們建立一個名為“CUSTOMERS_BKP”的表,其結構與 CUSTOMERS 表類似:

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS_BKP(
   ID INT NOT NULL,
   NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, 
   AGE INT NOT NULL, 
   ADDRESS CHAR(25) NOT NULL, 
   SALARY DECIMAL(18, 2), 
   PRIMARY KEY(ID)
);

現在,讓我們使用以下查詢將 CUSTOMERS 表中的所有記錄插入到 CUSTOMERS_BKP 表中:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS_BKP
SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS);

輸出

CUSTOMERS 表的記錄已成功插入到 CUSTOMERS_BKP 表中:

Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 7  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

驗證

讓我們使用以下 SELECT 語句驗證 CUSTOMERS_BKP 表中是否包含記錄:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS_BKP;

正如我們在下表中看到的,CUSTOMERS 表中的所有記錄都已插入到 CUSTOMERS_BKP 表中:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.00
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00
6 Komal 22 Hyderabad 4500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

使用比較運算子的子查詢

帶有比較運算子的 MySQL 子查詢允許我們在另一個查詢中使用查詢,並使用比較運算子將其結果與外部查詢進行比較。

語法

以下是帶有比較運算子的子查詢的基本語法:

SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM   table1 [, table2 ]
WHERE  column_name OPERATOR
(SELECT column_name [, column_name ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE] .....)

示例

以下查詢從 CUSTOMERS_BKP 表中檢索所有年齡大於 23 的 CUSTOMERS 並返回其 ID。

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS_BKP
WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS_BKP
WHERE AGE > 23);

輸出

上述查詢的輸出如下所示:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500.00
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

使用 IN 或 NOT IN 運算子的子查詢

帶有 IN/NOT IN 運算子的 MySQL 子查詢用於根據一個查詢的值是否與另一個查詢的值匹配來過濾資料:

  • IN 匹配列表中的任何值

  • NOT IN 排除列表中的任何值。

示例

以下查詢從 CUSTOMERS 表中檢索所有地址**不是**“Hyderabad”的記錄,方法是將其與 CUSTOMERS_BKP 表中的地址進行比較:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ADDRESS NOT IN (
SELECT ADDRESS FROM CUSTOMERS_BKP WHERE ADDRESS = "Hyderabad");

輸出

以下是上述查詢的輸出:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000.00
2 Khilan 25 Delhi 1500.00
3 Kaushik 23 Kota 2000.00
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500.00
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500.00
7 Muffy 24 Indore 10000.00

示例

現在,以下查詢使用子查詢從 CUSTOMERS_BKP 表中提取所有與“Hyderabad”匹配的地址,從而從 CUSTOMERS 表中檢索地址為“Hyderabad”的所有行:

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ADDRESS IN (
SELECT ADDRESS FROM CUSTOMERS_BKP WHERE ADDRESS = "Hyderabad");

輸出

執行給定查詢後,輸出將顯示如下:

ID 姓名 (NAME) 年齡 (AGE) 地址 (ADDRESS) 薪水 (SALARY)
6 Komal 22 Hyderabad 4500.00

使用客戶端程式的子查詢

我們還可以使用客戶端程式執行子查詢。

語法

要透過 PHP 程式使用子查詢提取資料,我們需要使用mysqli 函式query()執行“SELECT”語句,如下所示:

$sql = "SELECT ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 2000)";
$mysqli->query($sql);

要透過 JavaScript 程式使用子查詢提取資料,我們需要使用mysql2 庫的query()函式執行“SELECT”語句,如下所示:

sql = "SELECT NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 2000)";
con.query(sql);

要透過 Java 程式使用子查詢提取資料,我們需要使用JDBC 函式executeQuery()執行“SELECT”語句,如下所示:

String sql = "SELECT ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 2000)";
statement.executeQuery(sql);

要透過 Python 程式使用子查詢提取資料,我們需要使用MySQL Connector/Pythonexecute()函式執行“SELECT”語句,如下所示:

sub_query = "SELECT SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS)"
cursorObj.execute(sql)

示例

以下是程式:

$dbhost = 'localhost';
$dbuser = 'root';
$dbpass = 'password';
$db = 'TUTORIALS';
$mysqli = new mysqli($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass, $db);
if ($mysqli->connect_errno) {
    printf("Connect failed: %s
", $mysqli->connect_error); exit(); } //printf('Connected successfully.
'); $sql = "SELECT ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 2000)"; printf("Table records: \n"); if($result = $mysqli->query($sql)){ while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result)){ printf("Id: %d, NAME: %s, AGE: %d, ADDRESS: %s, SALARY: %f", $row['ID'], $row['NAME'], $row['AGE'], $row['ADDRESS'], $row['SALARY']); printf("\n"); } } if($mysqli->error){ printf("Error message: ", $mysqli->error); } $mysqli->close();

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

Table records:
Id: 4, NAME: Chaitali, AGE: 25, ADDRESS: Mumbai, SALARY: 6500.000000
Id: 5, NAME: Hardik, AGE: 27, ADDRESS: Bhopal, SALARY: 8500.000000
Id: 6, NAME: Komal, AGE: 22, ADDRESS: Hyderabad, SALARY: 4500.000000
Id: 7, NAME: Muffy, AGE: 24, ADDRESS: Indore, SALARY: 10000.000000  
NodeJS program
var mysql = require('mysql2');
var con = mysql.createConnection({
host:"localhost",
user:"root",
password:"password"
});

 //Connecting to MySQL
 con.connect(function(err) {
 if (err) throw err;
//   console.log("Connected successfully...!");
//   console.log("--------------------------");
 sql = "USE TUTORIALS";
 con.query(sql);
 //create table
 sql = "SELECT NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 2000)";
 con.query(sql, function(err, result){
    console.log("Subquery executed successfully...!");
    console.log("Table records: ")
    if (err) throw err;
    console.log(result);
    });
});  

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

Subquery executed successfully...!
Table records:
[
  { NAME: 'Chaitali', AGE: 25, ADDRESS: 'Mumbai', SALARY: '6500.00' },
  { NAME: 'Hardik', AGE: 27, ADDRESS: 'Bhopal', SALARY: '8500.00' },
  { NAME: 'Komal', AGE: 22, ADDRESS: 'Hyderabad', SALARY: '4500.00' },
  { NAME: 'Muffy', AGE: 24, ADDRESS: 'Indore', SALARY: '10000.00' }
]
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class SubQuery {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String url = "jdbc:mysql://:3306/TUTORIALS";
    String user = "root";
    String password = "password";
    ResultSet rs;
    try {
      Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");
            Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, password);
            Statement st = con.createStatement();
            //System.out.println("Database connected successfully...!");
            //create table
            String sql = "SELECT ID, NAME, AGE, ADDRESS, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 2000)";
            rs = st.executeQuery(sql);
            System.out.println("Table records: ");
            while(rs.next()) {
              String id = rs.getString("id");
              String name = rs.getString("name");
              String age = rs.getString("age");
              String address = rs.getString("address");
              String salary = rs.getString("salary");
              System.out.println("Id: " + id + ", Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age + ", Address: " + address + ", Salary: " + salary);
            }
    }catch(Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }
}

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

Table records: 
Id: 4, Name: Chaitali, Age: 25, Address: Mumbai, Salary: 6500.00
Id: 5, Name: Hardik, Age: 27, Address: Bhopal, Salary: 8500.00
Id: 6, Name: Komal, Age: 22, Address: Hyderabad, Salary: 4500.00
Id: 7, Name: Muffy, Age: 24, Address: Indore, Salary: 10000.00
import mysql.connector
#establishing the connection
connection = mysql.connector.connect(
    host='localhost',
    user='root',
    password='password',
    database='tut'
)
cursorObj = connection.cursor()
# Subquery to fetch the salaries of all customers whose ID is present in the same table
sub_query = f"""
SELECT SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID IN
(SELECT ID FROM CUSTOMERS);
"""
cursorObj.execute(sub_query)
# Fetching all the rows that meet the criteria
filtered_rows = cursorObj.fetchall()
for row in filtered_rows:
    print(row)
cursorObj.close()
connection.close()

輸出

獲得的輸出如下所示:

(Decimal('2000.00'),)
(Decimal('1500.00'),)
(Decimal('2000.00'),)
(Decimal('6500.00'),)
(Decimal('8500.00'),)
(Decimal('4500.00'),)
(Decimal('10000.00'),)
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