Python 設計模式 - 裝飾器



裝飾器模式允許使用者向現有物件新增新功能,而無需更改其結構。這種設計模式屬於結構型模式,因為它充當現有類的包裝器。

此模式建立一個裝飾器類,該類包裝原始類並提供額外的功能,同時保持類方法簽名不變。

裝飾器模式的目的是動態地附加物件的額外職責。

如何實現裝飾器設計模式

下面提到的程式碼簡單演示瞭如何在 Python 中實現裝飾器設計模式。該示例以類的形式演示了咖啡店的場景。建立的咖啡類是抽象的,這意味著它不能被例項化。

import six
from abc import ABCMeta

@six.add_metaclass(ABCMeta)
class Abstract_Coffee(object):

   def get_cost(self):
      pass

   def get_ingredients(self):
      pass
   
   def get_tax(self):
      return 0.1*self.get_cost()

class Concrete_Coffee(Abstract_Coffee):
   
   def get_cost(self):
      return 1.00
   
   def get_ingredients(self):
      return 'coffee'

@six.add_metaclass(ABCMeta)
class Abstract_Coffee_Decorator(Abstract_Coffee):
   
   def __init__(self,decorated_coffee):
      self.decorated_coffee = decorated_coffee
   
   def get_cost(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_cost()
   
   def get_ingredients(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_ingredients()

class Sugar(Abstract_Coffee_Decorator):
   
   def __init__(self,decorated_coffee):
      Abstract_Coffee_Decorator.__init__(self,decorated_coffee)
   
   def get_cost(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_cost()
   
   def get_ingredients(self):
	   return self.decorated_coffee.get_ingredients() + ', sugar'

class Milk(Abstract_Coffee_Decorator):
   
   def __init__(self,decorated_coffee):
      Abstract_Coffee_Decorator.__init__(self,decorated_coffee)
   
   def get_cost(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_cost() + 0.25
   
   def get_ingredients(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_ingredients() + ', milk'

class Vanilla(Abstract_Coffee_Decorator):
   
   def __init__(self,decorated_coffee):
      Abstract_Coffee_Decorator.__init__(self,decorated_coffee)
   
   def get_cost(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_cost() + 0.75
   
   def get_ingredients(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_ingredients() + ', vanilla'

咖啡店的抽象類的實現是在一個單獨的檔案中完成的,如下所示:

import coffeeshop

myCoffee = coffeeshop.Concrete_Coffee()
print('Ingredients: '+myCoffee.get_ingredients()+
   '; Cost: '+str(myCoffee.get_cost())+'; sales tax = '+str(myCoffee.get_tax()))

myCoffee = coffeeshop.Milk(myCoffee)
print('Ingredients: '+myCoffee.get_ingredients()+
   '; Cost: '+str(myCoffee.get_cost())+'; sales tax = '+str(myCoffee.get_tax()))

myCoffee = coffeeshop.Vanilla(myCoffee)
print('Ingredients: '+myCoffee.get_ingredients()+
   '; Cost: '+str(myCoffee.get_cost())+'; sales tax = '+str(myCoffee.get_tax()))

myCoffee = coffeeshop.Sugar(myCoffee)
print('Ingredients: '+myCoffee.get_ingredients()+
   '; Cost: '+str(myCoffee.get_cost())+'; sales tax = '+str(myCoffee.get_tax()))

輸出

以上程式生成以下輸出:

Decorator Pattern
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