SQLite - Perl



本章將學習如何在 Perl 程式中使用 SQLite。

安裝

可以使用 Perl DBI 模組將 SQLite3 整合到 Perl 中,DBI 模組是 Perl 程式語言的資料庫訪問模組。它定義了一組方法、變數和約定,提供了標準的資料庫介面。

以下是您在 Linux/UNIX 機器上安裝 DBI 模組的簡單步驟:

$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/T/TI/TIMB/DBI-1.625.tar.gz
$ tar xvfz DBI-1.625.tar.gz
$ cd DBI-1.625
$ perl Makefile.PL
$ make
$ make install

如果您需要安裝 DBI 的 SQLite 驅動程式,則可以按如下方式安裝:

$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/M/MS/MSERGEANT/DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz
$ tar xvfz DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz
$ cd DBD-SQLite-1.11
$ perl Makefile.PL
$ make
$ make install

DBI 介面 API

以下是重要的 DBI 函式,這些函式足以滿足您從 Perl 程式中使用 SQLite 資料庫的需求。如果您正在尋找更復雜的應用程式,則可以查閱 Perl DBI 官方文件。

序號 API 和描述
1

DBI->connect($data_source, "", "", \%attr)

建立與請求的 $data_source 的資料庫連線或會話。如果連線成功,則返回資料庫控制代碼物件。

資料來源具有以下形式:DBI:SQLite:dbname = 'test.db',其中 SQLite 是 SQLite 驅動程式名稱,test.db 是 SQLite 資料庫檔案的名稱。如果檔名指定為':memory:',則它將在 RAM 中建立一個僅在會話期間存在的記憶體資料庫。

如果檔名是實際裝置檔名,則它嘗試使用其值開啟資料庫檔案。如果不存在該名稱的檔案,則將建立一個具有該名稱的新資料庫檔案。

您可以將第二個和第三個引數保留為空字串,最後一個引數用於傳遞各種屬性,如下例所示。

2

$dbh->do($sql)

此例程準備並執行單個 SQL 語句。返回受影響的行數,或在出錯時返回 undef。返回值 -1 表示行數未知、不適用或不可用。這裡,$dbh 是 DBI->connect() 呼叫返回的控制代碼。

3

$dbh->prepare($sql)

此例程準備稍後由資料庫引擎執行的語句,並返回對語句控制代碼物件的引用。

4

$sth->execute()

此例程執行執行準備好的語句所需的所有處理。如果發生錯誤,則返回 undef。成功的執行始終返回 true,無論受影響的行數如何。這裡,$sth 是 $dbh->prepare($sql) 呼叫返回的語句控制代碼。

5

$sth->fetchrow_array()

此例程獲取下一行資料並將其作為包含欄位值的列表返回。NULL 欄位在列表中返回為 undef 值。

6

$DBI::err

這相當於 $h->err,其中 $h 是任何控制代碼型別,例如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。這將返回上次呼叫的驅動程式方法的本機資料庫引擎錯誤程式碼。

7

$DBI::errstr

這相當於 $h->errstr,其中 $h 是任何控制代碼型別,例如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。這將返回上次呼叫的 DBI 方法的本機資料庫引擎錯誤訊息。

8

$dbh->disconnect()

此例程關閉先前由 DBI->connect() 呼叫開啟的資料庫連線。

連線到資料庫

下面的 Perl 程式碼顯示瞭如何連線到現有資料庫。如果資料庫不存在,則將建立它,最後將返回資料庫物件。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite"; 
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) 
   or die $DBI::errstr;

print "Opened database successfully\n";

現在,讓我們執行上述程式在當前目錄中建立我們的資料庫 test.db。您可以根據您的需求更改您的路徑。將上述程式碼儲存在 sqlite.pl 檔案中,並按如下所示執行它。如果資料庫成功建立,則它將顯示以下訊息:

$ chmod +x sqlite.pl
$ ./sqlite.pl
Open database successfully

建立表

下面的 Perl 程式用於在先前建立的資料庫中建立表。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(CREATE TABLE COMPANY
   (ID INT PRIMARY KEY     NOT NULL,
      NAME           TEXT    NOT NULL,
      AGE            INT     NOT NULL,
      ADDRESS        CHAR(50),
      SALARY         REAL););

my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt);
if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Table created successfully\n";
}
$dbh->disconnect();

執行上述程式時,它將在您的 test.db 中建立 COMPANY 表,並將顯示以下訊息:

Opened database successfully
Table created successfully

注意 - 如果您在任何操作中看到以下錯誤:

DBD::SQLite::st execute failed: not an error(21) at dbdimp.c line 398

在這種情況下,開啟 DBD-SQLite 安裝中提供的dbdimp.c 檔案,找到sqlite3_prepare() 函式,將其第三個引數更改為-1而不是 0。最後,使用make安裝 DBD::SQLite,並使用make install解決問題。

INSERT 操作

下面的 Perl 程式顯示瞭如何在上面示例中建立的 COMPANY 表中建立記錄。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 ));
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 ));

$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 ););

$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

print "Records created successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

執行上述程式時,它將在 COMPANY 表中建立給定的記錄,並將顯示以下兩行:

Opened database successfully
Records created successfully

SELECT 操作

下面的 Perl 程式顯示瞭如何從上面示例中建立的 COMPANY 表中獲取和顯示記錄。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
my $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;

if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
}

while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY =  ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

執行上述程式時,它將產生以下結果。

Opened database successfully
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY =  20000

ID = 2
NAME = Allen
ADDRESS = Texas
SALARY =  15000

ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY =  20000

ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000

Operation done successfully

UPDATE 操作

下面的 Perl 程式碼顯示瞭如何使用 UPDATE 語句更新任何記錄,然後從 COMPANY 表中獲取和顯示更新的記錄。

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID=1;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

if( $rv < 0 ) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Total number of rows updated : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;

if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
}

while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY =  ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

執行上述程式時,它將產生以下結果。

Opened database successfully
Total number of rows updated : 1
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY =  25000

ID = 2
NAME = Allen
ADDRESS = Texas
SALARY =  15000

ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY =  20000

ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000

Operation done successfully

DELETE 操作

下面的 Perl 程式碼顯示瞭如何使用 DELETE 語句刪除任何記錄,然後從 COMPANY 表中獲取和顯示剩餘的記錄:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use DBI;
use strict;

my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

my $stmt = qq(DELETE from COMPANY where ID = 2;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;

if( $rv < 0 ) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Total number of rows deleted : $rv\n";
}

$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;

if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
}

while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY =  ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

執行上述程式時,它將產生以下結果。

Opened database successfully
Total number of rows deleted : 1
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY = 25000

ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY = 20000

ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY = 65000

Operation done successfully
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