C++ 結構體 (struct)



C++ 結構體是使用者自定義的資料型別,用於將不同型別的相關變數組合在一個名稱下。結構體也稱為結構。

結構體用於表示記錄,例如,您想跟蹤圖書館中圖書的資訊。您可能需要跟蹤每本書的以下屬性:

  • 標題
  • 作者
  • 主題
  • 圖書 ID

定義結構體

要定義結構體,必須使用 struct 語句。struct 語句定義了一種新的資料型別,該型別包含多個成員。

語法

struct 語句的格式如下:

struct [structure tag] {
   member definition;
   member definition;
   ...
   member definition;
} [one or more structure variables];  

結構體標籤是可選的,每個成員定義都是一個普通的變數定義,例如 int i; 或 float f; 或任何其他有效的變數定義。在結構體定義的末尾,分號之前,您可以指定一個或多個結構體變數,但這是可選的。

示例

以下是宣告 Book 結構體的方式:

struct Books {
   char  title[50];
   char  author[50];
   char  subject[100];
   int   book_id;
} book;  

訪問結構體成員

要訪問結構體的任何成員,我們使用成員訪問運算子 (.)。成員訪問運算子被編碼為結構體變數名稱和我們想要訪問的結構體成員之間的句點。您將使用struct關鍵字定義結構體型別的變數。

示例

以下示例說明了結構體的用法:

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
 
using namespace std;
 
struct Books {
   char  title[50];
   char  author[50];
   char  subject[100];
   int   book_id;
};
 
int main() {
   struct Books Book1;        // Declare Book1 of type Book
   struct Books Book2;        // Declare Book2 of type Book
 
   // book 1 specification
   strcpy( Book1.title, "Learn C++ Programming");
   strcpy( Book1.author, "Chand Miyan"); 
   strcpy( Book1.subject, "C++ Programming");
   Book1.book_id = 6495407;

   // book 2 specification
   strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing");
   strcpy( Book2.author, "Yakit Singha");
   strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom");
   Book2.book_id = 6495700;
 
   // Print Book1 info
   cout << "Book 1 title : " << Book1.title <<endl;
   cout << "Book 1 author : " << Book1.author <<endl;
   cout << "Book 1 subject : " << Book1.subject <<endl;
   cout << "Book 1 id : " << Book1.book_id <<endl;

   // Print Book2 info
   cout << "Book 2 title : " << Book2.title <<endl;
   cout << "Book 2 author : " << Book2.author <<endl;
   cout << "Book 2 subject : " << Book2.subject <<endl;
   cout << "Book 2 id : " << Book2.book_id <<endl;

   return 0;
}

編譯並執行上述程式碼後,將產生以下結果:

Book 1 title : Learn C++ Programming
Book 1 author : Chand Miyan
Book 1 subject : C++ Programming
Book 1 id : 6495407
Book 2 title : Telecom Billing
Book 2 author : Yakit Singha
Book 2 subject : Telecom
Book 2 id : 6495700

結構體作為函式引數

您可以像傳遞任何其他變數或指標一樣傳遞結構體作為函式引數。您將以與上述示例中相同的方式訪問結構體變數:

示例

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
 
using namespace std;
void printBook( struct Books book );

struct Books {
   char  title[50];
   char  author[50];
   char  subject[100];
   int   book_id;
};
 
int main() {
   struct Books Book1;        // Declare Book1 of type Book
   struct Books Book2;        // Declare Book2 of type Book
 
   // book 1 specification
   strcpy( Book1.title, "Learn C++ Programming");
   strcpy( Book1.author, "Chand Miyan"); 
   strcpy( Book1.subject, "C++ Programming");
   Book1.book_id = 6495407;

   // book 2 specification
   strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing");
   strcpy( Book2.author, "Yakit Singha");
   strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom");
   Book2.book_id = 6495700;
 
   // Print Book1 info
   printBook( Book1 );

   // Print Book2 info
   printBook( Book2 );

   return 0;
}
void printBook( struct Books book ) {
   cout << "Book title : " << book.title <<endl;
   cout << "Book author : " << book.author <<endl;
   cout << "Book subject : " << book.subject <<endl;
   cout << "Book id : " << book.book_id <<endl;
}

編譯並執行上述程式碼後,將產生以下結果:

Book title : Learn C++ Programming
Book author : Chand Miyan
Book subject : C++ Programming
Book id : 6495407
Book title : Telecom Billing
Book author : Yakit Singha
Book subject : Telecom
Book id : 6495700

指向結構體的指標

您可以像定義指向任何其他變數的指標一樣定義指向結構體的指標,如下所示:

語法

struct Books *struct_pointer;

現在,您可以將結構體變數的地址儲存在上面定義的指標變數中。要查詢結構體變數的地址,請在結構體名稱前加上 & 運算子,如下所示:

語法

struct_pointer = &Book1;

要使用指向該結構體的指標訪問結構體的成員,必須使用 -> 運算子,如下所示:

語法

struct_pointer->title;

示例

讓我們使用結構體指標重寫上面的示例,希望這能更容易理解這個概念:

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
 
using namespace std;
void printBook( struct Books *book );

struct Books {
   char  title[50];
   char  author[50];
   char  subject[100];
   int   book_id;
};
int main() {
   struct Books Book1;        // Declare Book1 of type Book
   struct Books Book2;        // Declare Book2 of type Book
 
   // Book 1 specification
   strcpy( Book1.title, "Learn C++ Programming");
   strcpy( Book1.author, "Chand Miyan"); 
   strcpy( Book1.subject, "C++ Programming");
   Book1.book_id = 6495407;

   // Book 2 specification
   strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing");
   strcpy( Book2.author, "Yakit Singha");
   strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom");
   Book2.book_id = 6495700;
 
   // Print Book1 info, passing address of structure
   printBook( &Book1 );

   // Print Book1 info, passing address of structure
   printBook( &Book2 );

   return 0;
}

// This function accept pointer to structure as parameter.
void printBook( struct Books *book ) {
   cout << "Book title : " << book->title <<endl;
   cout << "Book author : " << book->author <<endl;
   cout << "Book subject : " << book->subject <<endl;
   cout << "Book id : " << book->book_id <<endl;
}

編譯並執行上述程式碼後,將產生以下結果:

Book title : Learn C++ Programming
Book author : Chand Miyan
Book subject : C++ Programming
Book id : 6495407
Book title : Telecom Billing
Book author : Yakit Singha
Book subject : Telecom
Book id : 6495700

typedef 關鍵字

有一種更簡單的方法來定義結構體,或者您可以為建立的型別建立“別名”。

示例

typedef struct {
   char  title[50];
   char  author[50];
   char  subject[100];
   int   book_id;
} Books;

現在,您可以直接使用 *Books* 來定義 *Books* 型別的變數,而無需使用 struct 關鍵字。以下是一個示例:

Books Book1, Book2;

您也可以對非結構體使用 **typedef** 關鍵字,如下所示:

typedef long int *pint32;
 
pint32 x, y, z;

x、y 和 z 都是指向長整型的指標。

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