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Q 語言 - 函式
函式型別
函式可以以多種方式分類。這裡我們根據它們接受的引數數量和型別以及結果型別對它們進行了分類。函式可以是：
原子型 - 引數為原子型別，併產生原子型別結果
聚合型 - 從列表中提取原子
一致型（列表到列表） - 擴充套件了原子概念，使其適用於列表。引數列表的數量等於結果列表的數量。
其他 - 如果函式不屬於上述類別。
數學中的二元運算在 q 中稱為二元函式；例如，“+”。類似地，一元運算稱為一元函式；例如，“abs”或“floor”。
常用函式
在q程式設計中，有很多函式被頻繁使用。在本節中，我們將瞭解一些常用函式的使用方法：
abs
q) abs -9.9 / Absolute value, Negates -ve number & leaves non -ve number 9.9
all
q) all 4 5 0 -4 / Logical AND (numeric min), returns the minimum value 0b
最大值 (&)，最小值 (|) 和 非 (!)
q) /And, Or, and Logical Negation q) 1b & 1b / And (Max) 1b q) 1b|0b / Or (Min) 1b q) not 1b /Logical Negate (Not) 0b
asc
q)asc 1 3 5 7 -2 0 4 / Order list ascending, sorted list
/ in ascending order i
s returned
`s#-2 0 1 3 4 5 7
q)/attr - gives the attributes of data, which describe how it's sorted.
`s denotes fully sorted, `u denotes unique and `p and `g are used to
refer to lists with repetition, with `p standing for parted and `g for grouped
avg
q)avg 3 4 5 6 7 / Return average of a list of numeric values 5f q)/Create on trade table q)trade:([]time:3?(.z.Z-200);sym:3?(`ibm`msft`apple);price:3?99.0;size:3?100)
by
q)/ by - Groups rows in a table at given sym q)select sum price by sym from trade / find total price for each sym sym | price ------ | -------- apple | 140.2165 ibm | 16.11385
cols
q)cols trade / Lists columns of a table `time`sym`price`size
count
q)count (til 9) / Count list, count the elements in a list and
/ return a single int value 9
port
q)\p 9999 / assign port number q)/csv - This command allows queries in a browser to be exported to excel by prefixing the query, such as https://:9999/.csv?select from trade where sym =`ibm
cut
q)/ cut - Allows a table or list to be cut at a certain point
q)(1 3 5) cut "abcdefghijkl"
/ the argument is split at 1st, 3rd and 5th letter.
"bc"
"de"
"fghijkl"
q)5 cut "abcdefghijkl" / cut the right arg. Into 5 letters part
/ until its end.
"abcde"
"fghij"
"kl"
刪除
q)/delete - Delete rows/columns from a table
q)delete price from trade
time sym size
---------------------------------------
2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 apple 36
2009.11.14T12:42:34.653 ibm 12
2009.12.27T17:02:11.518 apple 97
去重
q)/distinct - Returns the distinct element of a list q)distinct 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 2 1 3 / generate unique set of number 1 2 3 4 5
enlist
q)/enlist - Creates one-item list. q)enlist 37 ,37 q)type 37 / -ve type value -7h q)type enlist 37 / +ve type value 7h
填充 (^)
q)/fill - used with nulls. There are three functions for processing null values. The dyadic function named fill replaces null values in the right argument with the atomic left argument. q)100 ^ 3 4 0N 0N -5 3 4 100 100 -5 q)`Hello^`jack`herry``john` `jack`herry`Hello`john`Hello
填充
q)/fills - fills in nulls with the previous not null value. q)fills 1 0N 2 0N 0N 2 3 0N -5 0N 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 -5 -5
第一個
q)/first - returns the first atom of a list q)first 1 3 34 5 3 1
翻轉
q)/flip - Monadic primitive that applies to lists and associations. It interchange the top two levels of its argument.
q)trade
time sym price size
------------------------------------------------------
2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 apple 72.05742 36
2009.11.14T12:42:34.653 ibm 16.11385 12
2009.12.27T17:02:11.518 apple 68.15909 97
q)flip trade
time | 2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 2009.11.14T12:42:34.653
2009.12.27T17:02:11.518
sym | apple ibm apple
price | 72.05742 16.11385 68.15909
size | 36 12 97
iasc
q)/iasc - Index ascending, return the indices of the ascended sorted list relative to the input list. q)iasc 5 4 0 3 4 9 2 3 1 4 0 5
Idesc
q)/idesc - Index desceding, return the descended sorted list relative to the input list q)idesc 0 1 3 4 3 2 1 0
in
q)/in - In a list, dyadic function used to query list (on the right-handside) about their contents. q)(2 4) in 1 2 3 10b
插入
q)/insert - Insert statement, upload new data into a table.
q)insert[`trade;((.z.Z);`samsung;48.35;99)],3
q)trade
time sym price size
------------------------------------------------------
2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 apple 72.05742 36
2009.11.14T12:42:34.653 ibm 16.11385 12
2009.12.27T17:02:11.518 apple 68.15909 97
2015.04.06T10:03:36.738 samsung 48.35 99
key
q)/key - three different functions i.e. generate +ve integer number, gives content of a directory or key of a table/dictionary. q)key 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 q)key `:c: `$RECYCLE.BIN`Config.Msi`Documents and Settings`Drivers`Geojit`hiberfil.sys`I..
小寫
q)/lower - Convert to lower case and floor
q)lower ("JoHn";`HERRY`SYM)
"john"
`herry`sym
最大值和最小值（即 | 和 &）
q)/Max and Min / a|b and a&b q)9|7 9 q)9&5 5
null
q)/null - return 1b if the atom is a null else 0b from the argument list q)null 1 3 3 0N 0001b
並行執行
q)/peach - Parallel each, allows process across slaves
q)foo peach list1 / function foo applied across the slaves named in list1
'list1
q)foo:{x+27}
q)list1:(0 1 2 3 4)
q)foo peach list1 / function foo applied across the slaves named in list1
27 28 29 30 31
上一個
q)/prev - returns the previous element i.e. pushes list forwards q)prev 0 1 3 4 5 7 0N 0 1 3 4 5
隨機數 (?)
q)/random - syntax - n?list, gives random sequences of ints and floats q)9?5 0 0 4 0 3 2 2 0 1 q)3?9.9 0.2426823 1.674133 3.901671
展平
q)/raze - Flattn a list of lists, removes a layer of indexing from a list of lists. for instance:
q)raze (( 12 3 4; 30 0);("hello";7 8); 1 3 4)
12 3 4
30 0
"hello"
7 8
1
3
4
read0
q)/read0 - Read in a text file q)read0 `:c:/q/README.txt / gives the contents of *.txt file
read1
q)/read1 - Read in a q data file q)read1 `:c:/q/t1 0xff016200630b000500000073796d0074696d6500707269636…
反轉
q)/reverse - Reverse a list q)reverse 2 30 29 1 3 4 4 3 1 29 30 2 q)reverse "HelloWorld" "dlroWolleH"
設定
q)/set - set value of a variable
q)`x set 9
`x
q)x
9
q)`:c:/q/test12 set trade
`:c:/q/test12
q)get `:c:/q/test12
time sym price size
---------------------------------------------------------
2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 apple 72.05742 36
2009.11.14T12:42:34.653 ibm 16.11385 12
2009.12.27T17:02:11.518 apple 68.15909 97
2015.04.06T10:03:36.738 samsung 48.35 99
2015.04.06T10:03:47.540 samsung 48.35 99
2015.04.06T10:04:44.844 samsung 48.35 99
ssr
q)/ssr - String search and replace, syntax - ssr["string";searchstring;replaced-with] q)ssr["HelloWorld";"o";"O"] "HellOWOrld"
字串
q)/string - converts to string, converts all types to a string format. q)string (1 2 3; `abc;"XYZ";0b) (,"1";,"2";,"3") "abc" (,"X";,"Y";,"Z") ,"0"
SV
q)/sv - Scalar from vector, performs different tasks dependent on its arguments. It evaluates the base representation of numbers, which allows us to calculate the number of seconds in a month or convert a length from feet and inches to centimeters. q)24 60 60 sv 11 30 49 41449 / number of seconds elapsed in a day at 11:30:49
系統
q)/system - allows a system command to be sent, q)system "dir *.py" " Volume in drive C is New Volume" " Volume Serial Number is 8CD2-05B2" "" " Directory of C:\\Users\\myaccount-raj" "" "09/14/2014 06:32 PM 22 hello1.py" " 1 File(s) 22 bytes"
表格
q)/tables - list all tables q)tables ` `s#`tab1`tab2`trade
Til
q)/til - Enumerate q)til 5 0 1 2 3 4
trim
q)/trim - Eliminate string spaces q)trim " John " "John"
vs
q)/vs - Vector from scaler , produces a vector quantity from a scaler quantity q)"|" vs "20150204|msft|20.45" "20150204" "msft" "20.45"
xasc
q)/xasc - Order table ascending, allows a table (right-hand argument) to be sorted such that (left-hand argument) is in ascending order
q)`price xasc trade
time sym price size
----------------------------------------------------------
2009.11.14T12:42:34.653 ibm 16.11385 12
2015.04.06T10:03:36.738 samsung 48.35 99
2015.04.06T10:03:47.540 samsung 48.35 99
2015.04.06T10:04:44.844 samsung 48.35 99
2009.12.27T17:02:11.518 apple 68.15909 97
2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 apple 72.05742 36
xcol
q)/xcol - Renames columns of a table
q)`timeNew`symNew xcol trade
timeNew symNew price size
-------------------------------------------------------------
2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 apple 72.05742 36
2009.11.14T12:42:34.653 ibm 16.11385 12
2009.12.27T17:02:11.518 apple 68.15909 97
2015.04.06T10:03:36.738 samsung 48.35 99
2015.04.06T10:03:47.540 samsung 48.35 99
2015.04.06T10:04:44.844 samsung 48.35 99
xcols
q)/xcols - Reorders the columns of a table, q)`size`price xcols trade size price time sym ----------------------------------------------------------- 36 72.05742 2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 apple 12 16.11385 2009.11.14T12:42:34.653 ibm 97 68.15909 2009.12.27T17:02:11.518 apple 99 48.35 2015.04.06T10:03:36.738 samsung 99 48.35 2015.04.06T10:03:47.540 samsung 99 48.35 2015.04.06T10:04:44.844 samsung
xdesc
q)/xdesc - Order table descending, allows tables to be sorted such that the left-hand argument is in descending order.
q)`price xdesc trade
time sym price size
-----------------------------------------------------------
2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 apple 72.05742 36
2009.12.27T17:02:11.518 apple 68.15909 97
2015.04.06T10:03:36.738 samsung 48.35 99
2015.04.06T10:03:47.540 samsung 48.35 99
2015.04.06T10:04:44.844 samsung 48.35 99
2009.11.14T12:42:34.653 ibm 16.11385 12
xgroup
q)/xgroup - Creates nested table q)`x xgroup ([]x:9 18 9 18 27 9 9;y:10 20 10 20 30 40) 'length q)`x xgroup ([]x:9 18 9 18 27 9 9;y:10 20 10 20 30 40 10) x | y ---- | ----------- 9 | 10 10 40 10 18 | 20 20 27 | ,30
xkey
q)/xkey - Set key on table
q)`sym xkey trade
sym | time price size
--------- | -----------------------------------------------
apple | 2009.06.18T06:04:42.919 72.05742 36
ibm | 2009.11.14T12:42:34.653 16.11385 12
apple | 2009.12.27T17:02:11.518 68.15909 97
samsung | 2015.04.06T10:03:36.738 48.35 99
samsung | 2015.04.06T10:03:47.540 48.35 99
samsung | 2015.04.06T10:04:44.844 48.35 99
系統命令
系統命令控制q環境。它們具有以下形式：
\cmd [p] where p may be optional
下面討論了一些常用的系統命令：
\a [名稱空間] – 列出給定名稱空間中的表格
q)/Tables in default namespace q)\a ,`trade q)\a .o / table in .o namespace. ,`TI
\b – 檢視依賴關係
q)/ views/dependencies q)a:: x+y / global assingment q)b:: x+1 q)\b `s#`a`b
\B – 等待中的檢視/依賴關係
q)/ Pending views/dependencies q)a::x+1 / a depends on x q)\B / the dependency is pending ' / the dependency is pending q)\B `s#`a`b q)\b `s#`a`b q)b 29 q)a 29 q)\B `symbol$()
\cd – 更改目錄
q)/change directory, \cd [name] q)\cd "C:\\Users\\myaccount-raj" q)\cd ../new-account q)\cd "C:\\Users\\new-account"
\d – 設定當前名稱空間
q)/ sets current namespace \d [namespace] q)\d /default namespace ' q)\d .o /change to .o q.o)\d `.o q.o)\d . / return to default q)key ` /lists namespaces other than .z `q`Q`h`j`o q)\d .john /change to non-existent namespace q.john)\d `.john q.john)\d . q)\d `.
\l – 從資料庫載入檔案或目錄
q)/ Load file or directory, \l q)\l test2.q / loading test2.q which is stored in current path. ric | date ex openP closeP MCap ----------- | ------------------------------------------------- JPMORGAN | 2008.05.23 SENSEX 18.30185 17.16319 17876 HSBC | 2002.05.21 NIFTY 2.696749 16.58846 26559 JPMORGAN | 2006.09.07 NIFTY 14.15219 20.05624 14557 HSBC | 2010.10.11 SENSEX 7.394497 25.45859 29366 JPMORGAN | 2007.10.02 SENSEX 1.558085 25.61478 20390 ric | date ex openP closeP MCap ---------- | ------------------------------------------------ INFOSYS | 2003.10.30 DOW 21.2342 7.565652 2375 RELIANCE | 2004.08.12 DOW 12.34132 17.68381 4201 SBIN | 2008.02.14 DOW 1.830857 9.006485 15465 INFOSYS | 2009.06.11 HENSENG 19.47664 12.05208 11143 SBIN | 2010.07.05 DOW 18.55637 10.54082 15873
\p – 埠號
q)/ assign port number, \p q)\p 5001i q)\p 8888 q)\p 8888i
\\ - 退出 q 控制檯
\\ - exit Exit form q.
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