使用 Aptitude 進行 Linux 包管理

Aptitude 基於 Ncurses 構建 APT 前端和 Debian 包管理器，它是一個基於文字的工具，運行於終端或命令列介面 (CLI)。本文介紹了“使用 Aptitude 進行 Linux 包管理”。

什麼是 APT？

apt 是一個命令列包管理器，提供用於搜尋、管理以及查詢包資訊的命令。它提供與專用 APT 工具（如 apt-get 和 apt-cache）相同的功能，但預設情況下啟用了更適合互動使用的選項。

要獲取有關 APT 的更多資訊，請使用以下命令：

$ apt

示例輸出應如下所示：

apt 1.2.15 (amd64)
Usage: apt [options] command
apt is a commandline package manager and provides commands for
searching and managing as well as querying information about packages.
It provides the same functionality as the specialized APT tools,
like apt-get and apt-cache, but enables options which are more suitable for
interactive use by default.
Most used commands:
   list - list packages based on package names
   search - search in package descriptions
   show - show package details
   install - install packages
   remove - remove packages
   autoremove - Remove automatically all unused packages
   update - update list of available packages
   upgrade - upgrade the system by installing/upgrading packages
   full-upgrade - upgrade the system by removing/installing/upgrading packages
   edit-sources - edit the source information file
See apt(8) for more information about the available commands.
Configuration options and syntax is detailed in apt.conf(5).
Information about how to configure sources can be found in sources.list(5).
Package and version choices can be expressed via apt_preferences(5).
Security details are available in apt-secure(8).
This APT has Super Cow Powers.

包列表

要根據包名稱獲取包列表，請使用以下命令：

$ apt list

示例輸出應如下所示：

revolution-r/xenial,xenial 3.0.0-1ubuntu1 all
revu-tools/xenial,xenial,trusty,trusty 0.6.1.5 all
rex/xenial,xenial 1.3.3-1 all
rexical/xenial,xenial 1.0.5-2build1 all
rexima/xenial 1.4-7build1 amd64
rfc5766-turn-server/trusty 3.2.3.1-1 amd64
rfcdiff/xenial,xenial 1.42-1 all
rfdump/xenial 1.6-4 amd64
rfkill/xenial,now 0.5-1ubuntu3 amd64 [installed,automatic]
rgbpaint/xenial,trusty 0.8.7-5 amd64
rgxg/xenial,trusty 0.1-1 amd64
rhash/xenial 1.3.3-1 amd64
rhc/xenial,xenial 1.38.4-2 all
rheolef/xenial 6.6-1build2 amd64
rheolef-doc/xenial,xenial 6.6-1build2 all
rhino/xenial,xenial 1.7R4-3 all
rhino-doc/xenial,xenial 1.7R4-3 all
rhinote/xenial,xenial,trusty,trusty 0.7.4-2 all
rhn-client-tools/xenial 1.8.26-4 amd64
rhnsd/xenial 5.0.4-3 amd64
..................................................................

安裝包

要使用 APT 安裝包，請使用以下命令：

$ sudo apt install firefox

上述命令安裝 firefox。示例輸出應如下所示：

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
firefox is already the newest version (50.1.0+build2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1).
firefox set to manually installed.
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
   libterm-readkey-perl linux-headers-4.4.0-31 linux-headers-4.4.0-31-generic
   linux-image-4.4.0-31-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-31-generic
   linux-signed-image-4.4.0-31-generic
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
..................................................................

刪除包

要使用 APT 刪除包，請使用以下命令：

$ sudo apt remove firefox

上述命令將從 Linux 中刪除 firefox 包。示例輸出應如下所示：

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
libterm-readkey-perl linux-headers-4.4.0-31 linux-headers-4.4.0-31-generic
linux-image-4.4.0-31-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-31-generic
linux-signed-image-4.4.0-31-generic
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following packages will be REMOVED:
firefox
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 26 not upgraded.
After this operation, 114 MB disk space will be freed.

刪除未使用的包

要自動刪除所有未使用的包，請使用以下命令：

$ sudo apt autoremove

示例輸出應如下所示：

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
libterm-readkey-perl linux-headers-4.4.0-31 linux-headers-4.4.0-31-generic
linux-image-4.4.0-31-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-31-generic
linux-signed-image-4.4.0-31-generic
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 6 to remove and 26 not upgraded.
After this operation, 295 MB disk space will be freed.
..............................................................................

更新包

要更新包，請使用以下命令：

$ sudo apt update

升級包

要透過安裝/升級包來升級系統，請使用以下命令：

$ sudo apt upgrade

閱讀本文後，您將能夠理解“使用 Aptitude 進行 Linux 包管理”，我們將陸續推出更多基於 Linux 的技巧和提示。敬請關注！

更新於：2020年1月17日

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