使用 Python 的 Tkinter 開發記事本
Tkinter 是 Python 的一個 GUI 庫,我們可以用它建立多個 GUI 應用程式。在這裡,我們將使用 Tkinter 開發一個類似記事本的文字編輯器。這個記事本將有一個選單,我們可以用它建立新檔案、開啟現有檔案、儲存檔案、編輯、剪下和貼上,所有功能都將包含在內。
先決條件
- 已安裝 Python。
- 已安裝 Tkinter。
注意:Tkinter 作為 Python 3.x 的標準庫提供。
新增選單項
我們的記事本將有四個主要選單項:檔案、編輯、命令和幫助。我們的檔案選單項將有四個子項 - 新建、開啟、儲存和退出。
我們的編輯選單項將有三個子項 - 剪下、複製和貼上
我們的命令選單項將有一個子項 - 關於命令,
我們的幫助選單將有一個子項 - 關於記事本
我們將使用以下程式碼提供這些選單項和子項:
# To open new file self.__thisFileMenu.add_command(label="New", command=self.__newFile) # To open a already existing file self.__thisFileMenu.add_command(label="Open", command=self.__openFile) # To save current file self.__thisFileMenu.add_command(label="Save", command=self.__saveFile) # To create a line in the dialog self.__thisFileMenu.add_separator() self.__thisFileMenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.__quitApplication) self.__thisMenuBar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=self.__thisFileMenu) # To give a feature of cut self.__thisEditMenu.add_command(label="Cut", command=self.__cut) # to give a feature of copy self.__thisEditMenu.add_command(label="Copy", command=self.__copy) # To give a feature of paste self.__thisEditMenu.add_command(label="Paste", command=self.__paste) # To give a feature of editing self.__thisMenuBar.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=self.__thisEditMenu) # To create a feature of description of the notepad self.__thisHelpMenu.add_command(label="About Notepad", command=self.__showAbout) self.__thisCommandMenu.add_command(label = "About Commands", command=self.__showCommand) self.__thisMenuBar.add_cascade(label="Commands", menu=self.__thisCommandMenu) self.__thisMenuBar.add_cascade(label="Help", menu=self.__thisHelpMenu)
為每個選單項新增功能
現在我們已經準備好了選單項,現在我們將為每個選單項新增功能。以下是我們將新增到此記事本的功能列表(當然,您也可以新增更多其他功能)。
- 開啟檔案
- 新建檔案
- 儲存檔案
- 退出應用程式
- 顯示關於
- 顯示命令
- 剪下
- 複製
- 貼上
以下是實現上述功能的程式碼:
def __quitApplication(self): self.__root.destroy() # exit() def __showAbout(self): showinfo("About Notepad","Simple text editor like notepad using Python") def __showCommand(self): showinfo("Notepad", "Just Another TextPad \n Copyright \n with BSD license you can use it'") def __openFile(self): self.__file = askopenfilename(defaultextension=".txt", filetypes=[("All Files","*.*"),("Text Documents","*.txt")]) if self.__file == "": # no file to open self.__file = None else: # Try to open the file # set the window title self.__root.title(os.path.basename(self.__file) + " - Notepad") self.__thisTextArea.delete(1.0,END) file = open(self.__file,"r") self.__thisTextArea.insert(1.0,file.read()) file.close() def __newFile(self): self.__root.title("Untitled Notepad") self.__file = None self.__thisTextArea.delete(1.0,END) def __saveFile(self): if self.__file == None: # Save as new file self.__file = asksaveasfilename(initialfile='Untitled.txt', defaultextension=".txt", filetypes=[("All Files","*.*"), ("Text Documents","*.txt")]) if self.__file == "": self.__file = None else: # Try to save the file file = open(self.__file,"w") file.write(self.__thisTextArea.get(1.0,END)) file.close() # Change the window title self.__root.title(os.path.basename(self.__file) + " - Notepad") else: file = open(self.__file,"w") file.write(self.__thisTextArea.get(1.0,END)) file.close() def __cut(self): self.__thisTextArea.event_generate("<<Cut>>") def __copy(self): self.__thisTextArea.event_generate("<<Copy>>") def __paste(self): self.__thisTextArea.event_generate("<<Paste>>")
現在我們已經添加了所需的包,添加了一個選單項以及所需的功能,我們將使用 Tkinter 庫在這個類似記事本的文字編輯器中看到這些功能。
以下是使用 Tkinter 建立記事本文字編輯器的完整程式:
#Import os library import os #import everything from tkinter from tkinter import * #To get the space above the message from tkinter.messagebox import * #To get the dialog box to open when required from tkinter.filedialog import * class Notepad: # Set up the root widget __root = Tk() __thisWidth = 500 __thisHeight = 700 __thisTextArea = Text(__root) __thisMenuBar = Menu(__root) __thisFileMenu = Menu(__thisMenuBar, tearoff=0) __thisEditMenu = Menu(__thisMenuBar, tearoff=0) __thisHelpMenu = Menu(__thisMenuBar, tearoff=0) __thisCommandMenu = Menu(__thisMenuBar, tearoff=0) # To add scrollbar __thisScrollBar = Scrollbar(__thisTextArea) __file = None def __init__(self,**kwargs): # icon try: self.__root.wm_iconbitmap("Notepad.ico") except: pass # Set window size as mentioned above (the default is 300x300) try: self.__thisWidth = kwargs['width'] except KeyError: pass try: self.__thisHeight = kwargs['height'] except KeyError: pass # the window text self.__root.title("Untitled-Notepad") # Center the window screenWidth = self.__root.winfo_screenwidth() screenHeight = self.__root.winfo_screenheight() # For left-alling left = (screenWidth / 2) - (self.__thisWidth / 2) # For right-allign top = (screenHeight / 2) - (self.__thisHeight /2) # For top and bottom self.__root.geometry('%dx%d+%d+%d' % (self.__thisWidth, self.__thisHeight, left, top)) # To make the textarea auto resizable self.__root.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1) self.__root.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1) # Add controls (widget) self.__thisTextArea.grid(sticky = N + E + S + W) # To open new file self.__thisFileMenu.add_command(label="New", command=self.__newFile) # To open a already existing file self.__thisFileMenu.add_command(label="Open", command=self.__openFile) # To save current file self.__thisFileMenu.add_command(label="Save", command=self.__saveFile) # To create a line in the dialog self.__thisFileMenu.add_separator() self.__thisFileMenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.__quitApplication) self.__thisMenuBar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=self.__thisFileMenu) # To give a feature of cut self.__thisEditMenu.add_command(label="Cut", command=self.__cut) # to give a feature of copy self.__thisEditMenu.add_command(label="Copy", command=self.__copy) # To give a feature of paste self.__thisEditMenu.add_command(label="Paste", command=self.__paste) # To give a feature of editing self.__thisMenuBar.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=self.__thisEditMenu) # To create a feature of description of the notepad self.__thisHelpMenu.add_command(label="About Notepad", command=self.__showAbout) self.__thisCommandMenu.add_command(label = "About Commands", command=self.__showCommand) self.__thisMenuBar.add_cascade(label="Commands", menu=self.__thisCommandMenu) self.__thisMenuBar.add_cascade(label="Help", menu=self.__thisHelpMenu) self.__root.config(menu=self.__thisMenuBar) self.__thisScrollBar.pack(side=RIGHT,fill=Y) # Scrollbar will adjust automatically according to the content self.__thisScrollBar.config(command=self.__thisTextArea.yview) self.__thisTextArea.config(yscrollcommand=self.__thisScrollBar.set) def __quitApplication(self): self.__root.destroy() # exit() def __showAbout(self): showinfo("About Notepad","Simple text editor like notepad using Python") def __showCommand(self): showinfo("Notepad", "Just Another TextPad \n Copyright \n with BSD license you can use it'") def __openFile(self): self.__file = askopenfilename(defaultextension=".txt", filetypes=[("All Files","*.*"),("Text Documents","*.txt")]) if self.__file == "": # no file to open self.__file = None else: # Try to open the file # set the window title self.__root.title(os.path.basename(self.__file) + " - Notepad") self.__thisTextArea.delete(1.0,END) file = open(self.__file,"r") self.__thisTextArea.insert(1.0,file.read()) file.close() def __newFile(self): self.__root.title("Untitled Notepad") self.__file = None self.__thisTextArea.delete(1.0,END) def __saveFile(self): if self.__file == None: # Save as new file self.__file = asksaveasfilename(initialfile='Untitled.txt', defaultextension=".txt", filetypes=[("All Files","*.*"), ("Text Documents","*.txt")]) if self.__file == "": self.__file = None else: # Try to save the file file = open(self.__file,"w") file.write(self.__thisTextArea.get(1.0,END)) file.close() # Change the window title self.__root.title(os.path.basename(self.__file) + " - Notepad") else: file = open(self.__file,"w") file.write(self.__thisTextArea.get(1.0,END)) file.close() def __cut(self): self.__thisTextArea.event_generate("<<Cut>>") def __copy(self): self.__thisTextArea.event_generate("<<Copy>>") def __paste(self): self.__thisTextArea.event_generate("<<Paste>>") def run(self): # Run main application self.__root.mainloop() # Run main application notepad = Notepad(width=600,height=400) notepad.run()
執行上述程式後,我們將得到一個彈出式的記事本文字編輯器,類似於
在這個記事本中,我們可以向其中寫入內容,儲存它,並可以開啟我們儲存的檔案(或任何其他檔案)。我們可以從開啟的檔案內容中進行剪下、複製和貼上。您可以使用這個新建立的記事本的所有選單項。
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